Nasal obstruction is one of the most common complaints of patients in Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) medicine.1 Collapse or obstruction of the Internal Nasal Valve (INV) is mostly the cause of nasal airway obstruction.2,3 Airflow resistance is very essential during breathing for good pulmonary function. The INV is considered the narrowest part of nasal airway, hence, has the greatest resistance flow.2 Fifty percent of total airway resistance is from nasal airway resistance, which mostly occurs in the anterior part of nose which called INV.4 Anatomically, the INV is located roughly 1.3 cm from nares and is bordered by septum medially, by upper lateral cartilages laterally, and by anterior end of inferior turbinate inferiorly and nose floor.5 It is a slit-like opening; its cross-sectional area is about 55–65 mm.6–8 In asymptomatic people, The INV angle is about 10°‒15° between upper lateral cartilage and septum.3,9,10

The INV is a remarkably significant area for ORL surgeons to correctly evaluate before rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty surgery for patients with nasal obstruction. Different surgical techniques are used to correct INV collapse during functional rhinoplasty, which may include partial inferior turbinectomy, septoplasty, and placement of spreader grafts, which is one of the most effective methods of correcting nasal obstruction.11 Despite many studies which have evaluated the functional and anatomical analysis of nasal cavity, a standard accurate measure of nasal obstruction has not yet been verified.4,12 No gold standard test is being used nowadays to diagnose INV obstruction.5 Many tools have been used in evaluation of nasal resistance and INV, including rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry, however, they possess the limitations, of lacking reliability and requiring expensive equipment.6,7,13 To overcome these limitations, Computed Tomography (CT) scans and Quality Of Life (QOL) questionnaires have been used to assess implication and outcomes of ORL surgeries for nasal valve collapse. CT-scan has been suggested as an objective tool to measure INV anatomy pre- and post-operatively.14,15 However, it was found that using the conventional coronal imaging plane does not result in sufficient evaluation of INV. Cakmak et al.16 and Poetker et al.,17 suggest that INV angle may be better assessed when CT-scans are reformatted to a plane perpendicular to the estimated acoustic axis.16,17 These studies confirm that CT may be a worthy tool in objectively evaluating outcomes of functional nasal surgeries..

Stewart et al. developed and validated the Nose Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale as a symptomatic improvement quality of life scale, to be used in evaluation of INV obstruction.1 The NOSE scale was reported in studies as a useful tool for assessing INV pre- and post- surgeries.18–20 Proper preoperative evaluation of the INV is critical to the workup decisions developed for repair of this area’s problems. Asking a patient to do a CT scan for INV angle/area preoperative can provide the ORL surgeon with upgraded anatomical information to evaluate the INV.21 To fill this void for knowing which is the best evaluation tool to be used before and after rhinoplasty, we uniquely evaluated theINV area and angle using reformatted CT-scans, and thencompared its results to NOSE scores scale for assessing symptomatic improvement of patients undergoing rhinoplasty for nasal obstruction plus nasal deformity pre- and post- rhinoplasty. Targeting the detection of the most effective tools for evaluation of INV before rhinoplasty and for followup after surgery can be instructive.

Table 1 shows patients’ characteristics (n = 20). A total of 20 patients met our eligibility criteria and underwent rhinoplasty surgery. Of the 20 patients examined, 14 were male (70%) and 6 were female (30%) with ages ranging from 20 to 50 years old and age mean ± SD (22.2 ± 2.8). Two patients (10%) had a history of previous rhinoplasty and 18 (90%) had a history of nasal trauma. All patients (100%) initially complained of nasal obstruction in at least one nares. Follow-up for patients was for three months.

Comparing between males and female postoperative nasal scores showed no significant difference between them, where the mean ± SD was 39.3 ± 7.6 and 38.3 ± 4.1 (p = 0.78), respectively.

Patient’s symptomatic improvement from nasal obstruction was evaluated using (NOSE) scale and showed that the mean preoperative (NOSE) score was 67.5 ± 7.9 and mean postoperative (NOSE) score was 39 ± 6.6 with a mean change of (NOSE) score 28.5 ± 9.3, indicating a highly statistically significant difference between pre and postoperative NOSE scores (p < 0.0001), with the most difference between pre- and post-operative NOSE scores was 50 (80 vs. 30) (Table 2).

There was a highly significant difference between the mean of pre- and pos-toperative NOSE scores. The highest mean change of NOSE scores was 50, while lowest mean change was 10 postoperatively. No significant difference was found between the mean of pre- and post-operative radiological measurements of cross-sectional area and angle of INV. In addition, no correlation was found between radiological CT-scans of area/angle and NOSE score measurements.

Many physiologic and psychological factors can affect patients’ perception of nasal obstruction and outcomes of surgeries. Those factors include: expectations of patients from surgery outcomes, different surgical techniques, and status of vascular and nerve supplies.26 The coincidence of sinusitis or any nasal or sinuses masses with nasal obstruction is statistically linked to higher rates of dissatisfaction after surgery, which may give wrong impressions on effectiveness of measurable method used. For that our exclusion criteria were: sinusitis, nasal polyposis, and nasal masses that affect airway resistance and give the wrong impression that surgery does not give good results quickly as expected, as those exclusions need additional time for feeling improvement with a mandatory continuation on medical treatment.27 This is a decisive judgment on the success of rhinoplasty surgery from a scientific and legal view. Surgeons in ORL need a reliable method to prove their indications for surgery are proper, or for followup of patients by assessing degree of obstruction pre- and post-surgery. Although no accurate method has been validated yet, the NOSE scale was found to be a promising and reliable method to assess symptomatic improvement of nasal obstruction problems. A study has been proposed for the efficacy of CT-scan for INV assessment.17 Previously they recommended using CT-scan planes to be in perpendicular line to acoustic axis, however, most institutions do not have availability for employing complex reformatting planes. Moreover, most radiologists use standard images as being more familiar for them. When they applied axial planes correctly, a more adequate visualization of INV ensued, incorporating all three bordering structures.17 Kahveci et al.28 reported that mean preoperative NOSE scores were 60.2 ± 17.5 and mean postoperative score was 11.3 ± 10.5, with minimum and maximum NOSE scores at 20 and 80. In our study, we found that there was no statistically significant difference between pre- and postoperative INV cross-sectional areas, either on left side, right side or the average of both sides. For these results, CTs can radiological measurements must not give accurate an impression of patient symptomatic improvement after surgery. As regards pre- and postoperative INV angle/area, there was no statistically significant difference either on the left side, right side or the average of both sides. In accordance with our findings, Veron et al. confirmed that CT scan analysis of INV does not produce an objective evaluation of the degree of nasal o bstruction; it is better to be correlated with septal morphology as a possible cause of nasal obstruction symptoms.29 In addition, Bloom et al., confirmed the importance of taking in consideration the preoperative physical examination, and not just CT imaging in the decision for which patients are candidates forsurgical intervention.22 In contrast, Moche et al.30 reported that radiographic imaging of INV area produced good sensitivity and specificity values, making it a good measurement tool for INV assessment.

On the other hand, after evaluation of symptomatic improvement according to NOSE scores scale, there was a highly statistically significant difference between pre- and postoperative NOSE scores, with significant improvement in the scores after surgery, which agrees with the results of many studies.19,28,31–35 A collective systematic review was conducted collecting all included NOSE papers scores published until 2014, revealing that NOSE scores can be used as a clinically significant measure of successful surgical outcomes.36 Even Ishii et al. detected that NOSE scores could be used as a screening tool instead of the Epworth sleepiness scale for patients at risk of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea.37

As well, there was no significant correlation between CT scans postoperative INV angles and areas with postoperative (NOSE) score. Thus, there was no correlation between CT scans analysis of the INV and the (NOSE) scale, which agrees with Veron et al.29 Kahveci et al.,28 who detected a significant negative correlation between angle degree increase and NOSE scores. Our results beg a question of whether physical examination findings by NOSE scores scale should be indicated as a mandatory measurement tool over postoperative radiologic assessments for follow-up, to be used in concordance with CT-scans preoperative for more accurate surgical outcome plans.

In spite of our attempts to discover an objective measurement, the study of 20 patients as a sample size may not serve as a true normal population. However, patients who had any significant nasal and sinus disorders that could affect nasal obstruction average improvement time were excluded.

Radiological measurements of cross-sectional area and angle of INV by reformatted CT scans were not of value in evaluation of INV pre and post-rhinoplasty. On the contrary, there was a highly significant difference between NOSE scores pre and post-rhinoplasty, in which it was found to be of significant value to determine the degree of symptomatic improvement pre and post rhinoplasty. Therefore for better clinical symptomatic evaluation pre- and post-operative in rhinoplasty; using NOSE scale assessment is preferable to using routine CT scan commonly requested by ORL surgeons for some decision making after physical examination. Besides, NOSE scale would be a useful follow-up measurement tool for assessment of the degree of symptomatic improvement.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.